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          MECE 原则
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        <blockquote>
<p>MECE 原则（Mutually Exclusive Collectively Exhaustive），意思是 “相互独立，完全穷尽”，是麦肯锡咨询顾问芭芭拉・明托在《金字塔原理》中提出的一个分类的思考工具。</p>
</blockquote>
<span id="more"></span>

<h2 id="MECE 原则"><a href="#MECE 原则" class="headerlink" title="MECE 原则"></a>MECE 原则</h2><img data-src="/archives/d5366326/5990643-62514e7bcb6cba8e.png" class>

<p>MECE 原则可以确保分类结果不遗漏、不重叠。所谓的不遗漏、不重叠指在将某个整体划分为不同的部分时，必须保证划分后的各部门符合以下要求：</p>
<p>各部分之间相互独立（MutuallyExclusive）</p>
<p>所有部分完全穷尽（CollectivelyExhaustive）</p>
<h3 id="什么情况下会用到 -MECE- 原则？"><a href="# 什么情况下会用到 -MECE- 原则？" class="headerlink" title="什么情况下会用到 MECE 原则？"></a>什么情况下会用到 MECE 原则？</h3><p>当我们要对复杂问题或资料进行分门别类的时候，就会用到 MECE 原则。如果分类没有涵盖问题的所有方面，那么最终推演出来的方案就有可能以偏概全；如果分类有很多是重叠的，那么我们就无法梳理清楚真正的原因。MECE 就是分类。“分” 即鉴定、描述和命名，“类” 即归类，按一定秩序排列类群。</p>
<h3 id="运用 -MECE- 原则的步骤"><a href="# 运用 -MECE- 原则的步骤" class="headerlink" title="运用 MECE 原则的步骤"></a>运用 MECE 原则的步骤 </h3><p> 一般可以通过以下四个步骤来运用 MECE 原则。</p>
<p><strong>第 1 步：确定范围</strong></p>
<p>也就是要明确当下讨论的问题到底是什么，以及我们想要达到的目的是什么。这个范围决定了问题的边界。这也让” 完全穷尽 “成为一种可能。换句话说，MECE 中的” 完全穷尽 “是指有边界的穷尽。</p>
<p><strong>第 2 步：寻找符合 MECE 的切入点</strong></p>
<p>切入点是指你准备按什么来分，或者说大家共同的属性是什么。比如，是按颜色分、按大小分、按时间序列分还是按重要性分？在找切入点的时候，一定要记得以终为始！这个时候要反复思考，你当初要解决的【问题】或当初分析的【目的】是什么。换句话说，你希望分类后解决什么问题，得出什么结论。</p>
<p>如果实在是想不到什么分类的切入点，你可以试试最简单的一种二分法：A 和非 A。中国传统文化中有很多类似的二分法，比如阴和阳（女和男）、正和反、白天和黑夜、软和硬等等。</p>
<p><strong>第 3 步：考虑是否可以用 MECE 继续细分</strong></p>
<p>比如对客户的分类如果按男和女来分，的确是满足 MECE 原则，但仅仅这么分对于我们的营销策略有什么帮助吗？不管走到哪一步，请时刻记住【以终为始】！从营销的角度来看，你可能还要按职业、收入、年龄、居住区域等要素进一步细分，才有可能得出你想要的东西。</p>
<p><strong>第 4 步：确认有没有遗漏或重复</strong></p>
<p>分完类之后必须重新检视一遍，看看有没有明显的遗漏或重复。建议画出一个金字塔结构图，用可视化的方式比较容易发现是否有重叠项。当然，现实中可能出现这样的情况，分出来一些类别后，仍然有几项不属于前面分出的几类，但这几项还比较重要，这时你可以试着加一个类别 —— 其他。</p>
<h3 id="MECE- 的 -5- 种常用的分类法"><a href="#MECE- 的 -5- 种常用的分类法" class="headerlink" title="MECE 的 5 种常用的分类法"></a>MECE 的 5 种常用的分类法</h3><p><strong>1、二分法</strong></p>
<p>这个分类方式在日常生活中比较常见，其实就是把信息分成 A 和非 A 两个部分。</p>
<p>比如国内、国外，他人、自己，已婚、未婚，成年人、未成年人，左右，男女，收入和支出，专业和业余等等。</p>
<p><strong>2、过程法</strong></p>
<p>也就是按照事情发展的时间、流程、程序，对信息进行逐一的分类。</p>
<p>比如在日常生活当中制定的日程表，解决问题的 6 个步骤，达成目标的 3 个阶段，其实都属于过程分类。 过程分类法特别适合用于在对项目进展和阶段的汇报上。</p>
<p><strong>3、要素法</strong> </p>
<p>我们在生活当中也经常会使用到要素法。</p>
<p>比如说优秀员工的 7 种品质、公司的组织架构图等等，其实都是把一个整体分成不同的构成部分。可以是从上到下，从外到内，从整体到局部。 这种分类方法是用于说明事物的各个方面特征的。</p>
<p><strong>4、公式法</strong> </p>
<p>公式法就是可以按照公式设计的要素去分类，只要公式成立，那这样的分类就符合 MECE 原则。</p>
<p>比如，销售额 = 单价 × 数量，这里就是把销售额通过公式拆解成了单价和数量。</p>
<p><strong>5、矩阵法</strong></p>
<p>比如我们在安排工作的时候，有一种分类方式，是把你的工作分成以下四种：（1）重要紧急，（2）重要不紧急，（3）不重要但紧急，（4）不重要也不紧急。</p>
<p>然后可以把它们填到 4 个象限当中去，这 4 个象限就是 2×2 矩阵。这种分类方式就叫做矩阵法。</p>
<p>这种分类方式的关键在于，你要使用 2 次二分法。比如：</p>
<p>你给员工布置任务，你可以先用二分法把员工分为有意愿做任务的员工和没有意愿做任务的员工；然后再从另外一个维度再用一次二分法，把员工分成有能力做任务的员工和没有能力做任务的员工。</p>
<p>接着，你把这两个不同的类别交叉，就可以得到一个四个象限的类别，它们分别就是有能力有意愿，有能力没意愿，没能力有意愿和没能力没意愿。得出的这 4 项分类是 MECE 的，它是不重不漏的。</p>
<p>MECE 分类原则是结构性思维中的一个非常好用的工具。当我们在生活或工作中遇到复杂问题时，使用 MECE 原则进行梳理，就可以得到一个脉络清晰、角度全面结果，从而为解决问题做好准备。</p>
<h2 id="十字分析法"><a href="# 十字分析法" class="headerlink" title="十字分析法"></a>十字分析法</h2><blockquote>
<p>艾森豪威尔法则又叫 <a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%95%E5%88%99/8285148" rel="external nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> 十字法则 </a> 或<a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B1%A1%E9%99%90%E6%B3%95%E5%88%99/1442968" rel="external nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">四象限法则 </a>。创始人<a href="https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%89%BE%E6%A3%AE%E8%B1%AA%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94" rel="external nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> 艾森豪威尔</a>，源自艾森豪威尔的十字时间计划：画一个十字，分成四个象限，分别是重要紧急的，重要不紧急的，不重要紧急的，不重要不紧急的，把自己要做的事都放进去，然后先做最重要而紧急那一象限中的事，这样以来，艾森豪威尔的工作生活效率大大提高。此事成为美国成功学家们所津津乐道的美谈。</p>
</blockquote>
<img data-src="/archives/d5366326/v2-f918d5ce542e5505cdbbf63945c8d437_720w.jpg" class>

<p>在界面设计中，有些产品页面信息过多，需要对信息的层级进行取舍，以用户的视角我们可以将信息按照十字方法将重要的、必须的设为 xy 轴，</p>
<p>1. 重要 不必须的<br>2. 重要 必须的<br>3. 不重要 必须的<br>4. 不重要 不必须的</p>
<p>例如 在一款 feed 流产品中，最小信息单位所包含的【信息发布者头像】【信息发布时间】【信息内容】为 <strong> 重要的必须 </strong> 的内容，【评论数量】【点赞数量】则为 <strong> 重要的不必须 </strong> 的内容</p>
<p>十字分析方法可以快速应用到许多需要对于信息进行取舍的地方，只需要在纸上画上两条线便可以进行分析</p>

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